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Who was Robert Boyle? Experimenter in Gases and Solids. Date and Place of Birth: 25th January 1627, Lismore Castle, Waterford, County Cork, Ireland. Family Background: Seventh Son of Robert Boyle the protestant First Earl of Cork. He was one of fourteen children. His father had gone to Ireland in 1588 and later bought Sir Walter Raleigh's estates in Cork in 1600. He was also known as the richest man in England. His mother Catherine Fenton, was Boyle Senior's second wife. Education: Privately and at Eton College. Chronology: 1629: Robert Boyle Senior, the Earl of Cork appointed Lord High Justice 1631: Earl of Cork appointed Lord High Treasurer. Death of his mother and Boyle goes to live in Dublin with the rest of his family and leaving his country nurse. 1635: Sent to England to study at Eton. 1638: The earl of Cork took both his sons away from the School as he did not agree with the new headmaster's style of teaching which was not having a beneficial effect on his boys.He was now tutored privately by one of his father's chaplains. 1639: At the age of 12 he was sent on a European tour by his father with one of his brother's visiting Paris and Geneva. 1641: By now he was in Italy having learnt Italian and he and his tutor visited Venice. 1642: They visited Florence. Galileo died whilst he was in the city but there is no evidence that the two met, however Boyle was much influenced by the event and this made him study Galileo's works in detail. (May) Boyle moved on to Marseille waiting for money from his father so that he could return home. The money sent to him never reached him due to an uprising in Munster so he returned to Geneva where he lived off his tutors earnings. 1643: King Charles the First negotiated with the Irish Rebels so that the Earl of Cork could bring his troops back to England to help with the Civil War. The Earl of Cork never forgave the King for treating the Irish as equals and died later that year. 1644: Boyle sold some jewellery to finance his return to England. Once home he lived with his sister Katherine. 1646: Due to the upheavals of the Civil War it was only now that he could move into the Manor house of Stalbridge in Dorset, which had been bequeathed to him by his father. He tried not to take sides in the Civil war as his father had been a staunch Royalist and his Sister held out for Parliament and it is clear that he had no feeling for either. 1649: King Charles the First was tried and executed. 1650: Oliver Cromwell saw off the threat from King Charles the Second. 1651: Cromwell defeats the Irish. 1652: Boyle returns to Ireland to look after his estates and became a very rich man after Cromwell apportioned Irish lands to the English lords. This money meant that he could devote himself to science without having to worry about money. 1653: He visited London and met John WIlkins who was to later to become one of the founders of the Royal Society of London. Wilkins had just been appointed as Warden of Wadham College in Oxford and led what was referred to as the "Invisible College" which was an anti-scholastic organisation of Oxford intellectuals and the forerunner to the Royal Society. Wadham encouraged Boyle to live in Oxford but he decided not to live in college with Wadham but hired his own rooms so that he could conduct his experiments. Here he met many important scientists such as John Wallis, Savilian Professor of Geometry and Christopher Wren although he never held a university post himself. 1660: Works with experiments on an air pump designed by his assistant Robert Hooke. He found many facts including that sound does not travel in a vacuum. He also proved that flames needed air to burn and life also needed air. 1661: He argued against Aristotle's four elements of earth, air, fire and water and said that matter was made up of small corpuscles which were built up by different configurations of primary particles. Although he owed a debt to Renee Descartes, descartes did not believe in a vacuum but an all pervading ether. 1662: Boyle's Law first appears which states that the pressure and volume of gas are inversely proportional. Many scientists including Thomas Hobbes said that a vacuum could not exist but Boyle proved that it was theoretically possible. Hobbes declared that Boyle's results must be because of some otherwise unknown event. He also worked on the calcination of metals, the properties of acids and alkalis, specific gravity, crystallography and refraction and was the first to prepare phosphorus. He was also appointed as a director of the East India Company and tirelessly tried to bring Christianity to the lands where it traded. 1664: He began to work on optics and colours although his work in this field was not as successful. He acknowledged the work of his pupil Hooke as superior. 1668: He left Oxford to live with his sister Lady Ranelagh in London. 1670: He had a stroke but his health returned gradually. 1672: He believed that the work of Isaac Newton on colour theory was move superior to his own and should replace it. 1680: Although one of the Founding father's of the Royal Society of London he declined the offer to become its President as he believed he could not swear the necessary religious oaths. Written Works: 1660: “New Experiments Physico-Mechanicall”. 1661: “Physiologocial Essays”. 1662: “Sceptical Chymist”. 1666: “Origin of Forms and Qualities”. 1664: “Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours”. (1692): “General History of the Air”. Marriage: Never married. Places of Interest: LONDON: The Science Museum The Royal Society of London Date and Place of Death: 30th December 1691, London, England. Age at Death: 64. Site of Grave: St. Martin’s-in-the-Fields, St. Martin’s Place, London, England.